Multi-hop wireless architecture can overcome the hurdles of wired solutions to create efficient large coverage areas and with growing demand in emerging markets where often cost is a major factor in deciding technologies, a wireless backhaul solution is able to offer 'carrier-grade' services, whereas this is not easily feasible with wired backhaul connectivity. Wired is usually a very expensive solution and often impossible to deploy in remote areas, hence making wireless a more suitable and/or a viable option. Generally, backhaul solutions can largely be categorized into wired ( leased lines or copper/fiber) or wireless ( point-to-point, point-to-multipoint over high-capacity radio links). The choice of backhaul technology must take account of such parameters as capacity, cost, reach, and the need for such resources as frequency spectrum, optical fiber, wiring, or rights of way. Such microwave links used to carry 2圎1 (4Mbit/s) now carry 400Mbit/s or more, using modern 1024QAM or higher modulation schemes. These microwave links typically carry a mix of Ethernet /IP, TDM (Nx E1) and SDH traffic to connect the Cellular Base Stations (BTS) to the central sites of the cellular operator. ![]() Available backhaul technologies CableFree Microwave Backhaul links deployed for mobile operators in the Middle East. The US plan for instance, specifies that all community anchor institutions should be connected by gigabit fiber optics before the end of 2020. See national broadband plans from around the world, many of which were motivated by the perceived need to break the monopoly of incumbent commercial providers.
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